Mel Craig Lawnmowers.

Equal Cub

An evaluation of Sports Reporting In Cameroon, its challenges and prospects

Certification

This is to certify and attest that sports journalism in Cameroon, its challenges and prospects is the original work of Solomon Lyonga IKUNDI (SM07A474).

Date ...........................................

Signature ...................................

Kingsley Lyonga Nganga

Supervisor

Dedication

This thesis is dedicated to my mother, Stella-Maris Nalowa Ikundi for everything she has done for me and all it will do. For her, I am very grateful.

RECOGNITION

I want to thank God for His abundant blessings in my life. Yes, indeed, God has led me so far and it made me realize that some of my big dreams.

To my supervisor, brother and more experienced colleague, Kingsley Lyonga Nganga, I thank you for enduring my weaknesses. Your support and friendship gave me a great intellectual inspiration and motivation to move forward. You're the best!

My deep gratitude goes to my deep and grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. Ikundi in Small Soppo, my mother, Stella Ikundi, aunt Canada Ikundi Elizabeth.

Today, I also believe in a special way by Lydia Limeni Ikundi Louis Ikundi Joseph Lyonga Ikundi Cecilia Epos Ewunde Emma Ikundi Fidel Ikundi, Ikundi Irene Ikundi SL and all Ikundis. I think my plans have been returned against itself, without these people.

I am also indebted to all those who have always done for hope. I think Mr. Charles Ndi Chia, Mr. Matute Menyoli, Mr. Samuel Bokuba, Zachary know, Mr. Kevin Njomo Simon Lyonga Mr. Mbua Evelle and all my friends.

Thank you Richard you Ashu-Atem Ojong for proofreading my work. You are truly a friend.

To all my professors, Dr. Enoh Tanjong, Henry Z. Muluh, Diffang Funge Besong and Divine, a thousand times thank you!

May the Good God reward you all very much.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certification ................................................. .................................................. ...... i

Dedication ................................................. .................................................. ii .........

Acknowledgement ................................................. ............................................... iii

Abstract ................................................. .................................................. ............. vi

Table of Contents ............................................... . .................................................. . v

CHAPTER I: Introduction

Background

History sports journalism ............................................... ................................... 6

Problem Statement .............................................. .......................................... 9

Assumption ................................................. .................................................. ............. 10

Research Questions ................................................ . ............................................... 10

Objectives ................................................. .................................................. .............. 10

Importance ................................................. .................................................. ............ 11

CHAPTER II: Review Literature .............................................. .................................. 13

CHAPTER III: Methodology ................................................. ....................................... 18

Sampling plan and procedure .......................................... .... .................................... 19

Instrumentation ................................................. .................................................. ....... 20

Pre-test ............................................... .................................................. ...................... 20

Data Collection ................................................ . .................................................. ......... 21

Concept Explanation ................................................ .................................................. .21

Limitations ................................................. .................................................. ................. 24

CHAPTER IV: Discussion and inferences ............................................ . ..................... 25

Chapter V: Conclusions and generalizations ............................................ ... ............ 32

The challenges of sports journalism in Cameroon ........................................... . ............ 37

Recommendations. ................................................ .................................................. ..... 39

Refereneces

Schedule

Questionnaires ................................................. .................................................. ........... 45

Chapter One:

History of sports journalism

Mark Inabinett (1994) notes that the decade between the end of World War I World and the beginning of the Great Depression has been described as a decade of change.

America and the world wanted to put the memory Great War behind them and enjoy life. The economy was booming and Americans fell in love with the sport.

The 1920s has been described as the age of the audience that new stadiums and gymnasiums and more were built and the radio became the most favorite than expected news on sporting events. The newspapers also have increased their coverage of sports and the fans have been through the media to follow their teams Favorite. Baseball was the most important discipline in America in the 20s and it was during this golden age that sports fans have begun to emerge.

Inabinett (1994) notes that Grantland Rice wrote about athletes who have been the golden age. He is recognized as the pioneer of sports writing with a writing style that employed two hyperbolas and lyricism to paint vivid images of athletes.

In August 1954, the sports journalism America was changed forever with the birth of Sports Illustrated Magazine. During its first five years of growth, the magazine was intended for the consumption of the American middle class and covered almost to the consumption of the middle class and covered almost all sports it could cover story. As the years, the magazine began to specialize in sports like baseball, football and basketball.

HISTORY of sports journalism IN ASIA

sports journalism in Asia has started gaining importance after 1985 in Nepal, according Acharya (1998). At that time there were only two broadsheet daily, The Rising Nepal and Gorkhapatra. In those days it was difficult to speak of a separate page for sport in a newspaper and even coverage that was given was very rare (Shakya, 1999)

The history of sports journalism began with the Sporting Times, a sports magazine, published in 1956 and edited by Manindra RajShrestha. It was a fortnight English (Shakya.1999). The magazine ceased publication after a few problems. Since then a number of sports magazines were published, but no of them lasted long, for example Rangasala and another magazine published by the National Sports Council of Nepal called Khel Ra Kheled in 1968.

HISTORY OF SPORTS JOURNALISM IN CAMEROON

Basically, the first sports journalists in Cameroon went on Radio Broadcast Cameroon (Cameroon Radio) in the late 1960s. But it is Peter Essoka and French colleague, Abel Mbengue which quickly gained prominence when they been sent to Sudan to cover the 1970 edition of the Africa Cup of Nations.

According Njomo Kevin, who covered the 1994 World Cup for radio CRTV, the late Mark Nebo is one of the first to introduce sports programs on national radio in the 1960s. Denis Lafon was also Running in Sports Radio Buea almost simultaneously.

For broadcast media, the pioneers in the reports of British sport Nebo were Mark, Peter Essoka, Zachary Nkuo Ben Becka Jovens, Njomo Kevin Michael NZEH, Gregory Alem, Peter Afuh in Bamenda (RIP), Ngwa Joves Herbert Mboh, Echekiye Fon Ignatius. Njomo said that in the French office, names like Andre Ngangue, Abel Mbengue, David Walter Lea, Ernest Mbende Daniel Anicet Noah Joseph Eloundou Nzieh, Samuel Alam, Jean Lambert Nang scribes turned out to be colorful.

According to Professor Boyomo Assala of the School of Communications mass, the first all-sports newspaper in Cameroon was Courier Sporting Benin published from 1955 to 1974.

Historically, women have not been very involved in sports reporting. According Njomo, the first sports journalist in the country on television was Pamela Messi in 1988, while the beloved Judith Ngale did sports radio. Others, like the late Nkuo Christiana Ufenyi gave a proper account of themselves. In 2004, a woman journalist, Madeleine Soppi Kotto was elevated to bureau chief of sports on national station Radio Television Cameroon.

HISTORY OF WOMEN IN SPORTS JOURNALISM

Robyn Gordon (2010) note that the last ten years have seen growth the number of women in sports broadcasting with such a well-known broadcasters such as Lesley Vissey, Robin Roberts and Andrea Kremer.

While men are still more Many sports casters broadcasters women in Cameroon, women are increasingly playing in sports, and even gave comments play. CRTV Tina Kwo covered the 2009 edition of the Mount Cameroon Race of Hope and Head of Radio Sport, Madeleine Kotto covered the Africa Cup of Nations since 2004 and play comments on radio play and television during the 2010 African Cup of Nations in Angola.

Today even women represent an increasing percentage of the sports audience.

Jane Chastain, Donna De Varona and Jeannie Morris are considered pioneer women in sports broadcasting. Chastain became the first woman to work as a commentator for a major news network (CBS), according Robyn Gordon (2010)

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

sports journalism which registered points strong in our country with the excellent performance of some local sports journalists has been seen some recent weakness with very few Cameroonians based on television, local radio and national newspapers for sports news.

More than once, local media have been accused not to be updated to meet the thirst for sports fans.

The public seems to prefer the following sports on foreign media reports Sport is still ignored by some media outlets in the country, a country that has no special sports broadcast media. Following the progress of communication technologies, many channels and stations exist, almost all of a certain amount of sports. The public can now freely choose and use media for their pleasure. Many interesting programs on local television sports such as Sports Vision and once beloved sport panorama are rejected for others on Supersports like football in Africa. Today, foreign media and sports channels have become so powerful, so much so that they have set the agenda for sport in Cameroon.

This research will examine the following hypothesis:

Cameroonian sports fans have taken great satisfaction by the local media, and they seem to look elsewhere for their sport.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

ü How all-sports television channels restrict foreign sports audience for local television

ü the reporting of sports influence our choices and attitudes?

U that are not based on Cameroonians to sport between local and foreign media?

ü Cameroonians who rely on national sports media between the government-owned local private media?

ü What are the media Cameroonians prefer sports among TV, radio, newspapers, Internet and others?

ü female athletes treated and presented differently by the media?

U is covered between sports men and women?

ü What is the role of sport in the media over other types of programs?

U is a sport more attention in local media?

ü media merger in sport contributed to the development of sport?

OBJECTIVES

This study is not a practical guide on how to become a good sports journalist. Our objectives are:

To identify and locate more space sports journalism within the broader media sector in Cameroon.

• Ø It will also an informed historical perspective on certain issues, personality debates and challenges that have affected the growth of sports reporting in this country.
• Ø The study also seeks to establish the role the media played in making certain sports class and the world.

• Ø It will also examine the extent to which sports journalism in the developed world defines the promotion of the declaration of local sport.

• Ø At the end of it all, this study will reveal the sport is most loved by the sporting public.

IMPORTANCE:

v Apart from understanding the essence of academic work, it is important to anticipate the logical outcome This study sports journalism in Cameroon.

v This study first and foremost to help me put into practice the theoretical concepts and facts acquired in the classroom for John Maxwell said, "the practice is not only perfect, it is stable."

v It will also highlight the level Exposure of Cameroonians to foreign media and local sports updates.

v The study will analyze the reasons why the practice Cameroonians escape, ignoring the local media and local sports media and foreign sport aliens.

v This study will pass through a strong message to media moguls in this country and even the government to explore possibilities of starting specialized sports channels and also to change the mindset of media employers to start using the sports casters.

v In particular, this study will reveal the place of women sports reporters in the media and also to examine the scope and attention to women sports championships.

v Above all, the study will lay the platform and the pace of future studies on sports coverage in Cameroon and elsewhere.

Chapter Two

LITERATURE REVIEW

Sports has become increasingly important in today's world. In Cameroon, the sport is considered a culture, a religion and way of life. According ace sports reporter, Zachary know, when the Indomitable Lions to succeed, alcohol is often a virtue.

The power and audacity of sports is undeniable and over the years, the United States The United Nations has been used Sport to preach the message of peace in war-torn regions like Haiti, Darfur, Ethiopia. Many communication researchers have argues that the merger of sports and the media has contributed immensely to crystallize the major sports competitions in the world, which makes sports story an important component in print and electronic media.

Acharya (1998) expresses the opinion that sports journalism is the collection process, publishing and disseminating news about the sports activities. Shakya (1999) further states that due to its vital role in disseminating news about sporting events, the media are involved in sports development.

David Gallagher (1991) notes that the 1970s were a weak point in journalism in Cameroon. It reveals that more than thirty newspapers and disappeared in rapid succession and all or most of them Ahidjo regime supported because they had no choice since Ahidjo has imposed censorship on them. Gallagher notes that most of these papers were heavily on sports reporting and greatly avoid politics to avoid trouble.

Laurent Charles Boyomo Assala (1998) reveals that the first All sports newspaper, was Spotif Email Benin, first published in 1955. It folded in 1974 with the fall driven by the costly failure national team of Cameroon at the Nations Cup 1972 in the house. (Boyomo)

"When President Biya came to power, records in other sports are revenue, Football Elite Jean Pierre Betfiang, Sports Glance Bounougou Fouda, Jacques Joseph Akana Sports and Sports Africa progress edited by Joseph Eloundou Nzie. "

Boyomo (ibid.) indicates that most of the material featured sports football news show. In football elite, 153 of 160 pages were devoted to football. CRTV Television has a one-hour program entirely for football (MAD FOOT MAD).

Boyomo Assala (1998) again notes that the sports journalists in Cameroon should be careful because they realize, because the eye the world is upon them. He explained in his diary that supporters do not like sportswriters who give false facts, that bends with the choice of words and do not know not even the playing He cited the example of Casimir Amassana who was sacked by the Thunder fans for giving wrong facts.

Mutations newspaper, in its January 27, 2009 edition published on the reactions of Zachary's life to know. Most of those who responded suggested that knowledge is one of the most loved of all sports journalists Zachary is known for his immense contribution in shaping the history of Cameroon sports. Some contributors noted that Know painted the picture matches in their minds and makes virtually players like Nkono, Abega, Mbida ... Milla mystical. He received the 2008 award for being a professional CAMASEJ tireless contributor to the growth of sports journalism in Cameroon.

Andrew Boyd (2001, 25) says that many in the public tolerates only new because they know that if they stay they will get to listen to the latest football, cricket, rugby or results.

Local teams and clubs often dominating in regional news, especially if they are right or wrong in their league, and this is reflected at the national level, where news usually focuses on the battles of promotion and relegation battles that marked the changing fortunes of the top contenders and low.

Sports Writing, Jerry Azar (1999) pontificates that the parameters sports game is often a war zone, a minefield of egos bruised that suffered rejection, discouragement, and in some cases of ejection. Azar warns sports journalists to avoid asking the wrong questions, after a bitter defeat, because it can make fireworks.

Boyle (2005) states that sport has become increasingly global in the contemporary era mediation. For him, the fusion of sports and media has helped to propel and transform large sports competitions like the FIFAWorld Cup and the Olympics.

The organizers of major sporting events have always stressed the need for journalists to follow sports ethics. At a workshop on ethics in sports reporting concluded in Beijing on November 30 September 2007, the International Olympic Committee has stressed the importance of taking heightened awareness of ethical issues in sport. Organized in close collaboration with UNESCO and the Communication University of China, the 40 journalists who participated acquired reporting skills and were drilled on the culture of China to enable them to develop cultural strategies cross.

In an open letter to Michael Bascombe (2010), editor of news today in Grenada, the poor state of journalism Sports in Grenada, Beverly Sinclair invites experienced sports reporters improve the quality of sports journalism in Grenada by transmitting their skills CUB for sports journalists through seminars and workshops, and not just sit and complain that the standard of sports coverage in their country depreciates. Sinclair notes that the training of sports journalists are sorely lacking, but the old names can play sports better relationships as they are role models.

Robert Gordon (2010) notes that women sportswriters are also very professional. He cites Lesley Visser, the first female analyst NFL television, which has been voted number one in powder sports woman in the United States through sports casters American Associations, who notes that even if Women's sports journalism is still considered young and novel many sports fans and commentators, women sports casters are determined and we will continue to convince the world that sex should not and does not like a person to report a story, regardless of content and the ratio well.

SILWAL in Acharya (1998) notes that there has been a frequent publication of sports magazines, all but cease publication after a few issues. For him, the main reason for the closure of all publications (in Nepal) is the result of financial instability. He expressed the view that lack of financial resources for publication, the lack of advertising and the influence of small markets closed sports magazines.

Juliana Koranteng, (1998) shows that football clubs have started their share of pumping money into new media. Koranteng suggests that the pace increasing global local clubs such as Manchester United, Barcelona, Arsenal, Juventus and encouraged the clubs to consider launching their own TV channels and radio stations. They also manage to inform their public Web sites on team news, player transfers etc Arsenal TV for example and www.chelsea.com According Koranteng, football tops the chart coverage in most sports channels.

Margaret Carlisle Duncan and Michael Alan Messner (2010) have research on gender stereotyping in televised sport. Both believe that women are also given "some cases" in the media. Although the study and observation of sports coverage on three network affiliates in Los Angeles, they report indicates that only 9% of airtime was assigned to cover the coverage of women's sports to the difference of 88% devoted to male athletes. Margaret Duncan notes about 97% of commentators use different language when they talk about women athletes.

"When men are described as big, strong, brilliant, courageous and aggressive, women are more often called as tired, tired, frustrated, panicked, vulnerable and choking. "

For experts, this trend reduces female athletes to the role of children, while giving adult status in male athletes.

Concordant Duncan and Messner, the Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women Sports and Physical Activity Committee noted in its 2007 report that female athletes receive only three percent of sports coverage in major daily Canada.

In an article by Africa Media Online (2010) World Cup stories that go beyond the sports they report notes that journalists reporting on World Cup should be able to dig deeper to provide stories that go beyond mere sport. For these communications researchers, 126 journalists African athletes who were in South Africa were responsible for telling stories of Africa more fully and with a unique perspective. Sports reporters tightened with the African media outlets were expected to present South Africa in a positive light, while capitalizing on the economic impact the World Cup.

Geoff Pearson et al (2007), the media coverage of hooliganism. He argues that the tabloid style of reporting, such that the publication of hooligan notoriety rankings (Daily Mirror 1974) serve to encourage hooligans by placing them in the spotlight. Pearson notes that in the Britain's tabloid press in particular have found the hooliganism be an easy target for the kind of sensationalistic reporting that reinforces their circulation. This style sensationalist information is often based on powerful songs based on violent images and metaphors of war

CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

Many communication researchers believe that the design of a study conducted the real solution of the problem. Churchill (1977) notes that the research design is the framework or outline for a study that is used in collection and analysis of a data set.

This study sports journalism in Cameroon, its challenges and prospects will use models descriptive research. More study will use descriptive design (cross sectional design) that is specifically investigating field. The survey method is most appropriate for this study because of its effectiveness in obtaining quantitative data and measurement the evolution of different opinions and its relatively inexpensive nature. The study measures different aspects of perception of Cameroonians sports reports in their countries.

Sampling plan and procedure

In assessing the public perception sports journalism in Cameroon, this study will employ the method of random probability sampling with each member in the unit sample having an equal chance to be included in the sample.

The sampling unit or part is The Buea, Limbe and communities Mutengene, with an estimated population of at least seven hundred thousand people. Of these, the opinions of sports fans 100 have been analyzed. Of this population, 100 were chosen to be studied for purely academic.

As regards men and women report with 59.2% of respondents were men and women of 40.8%.

Finally, respondents had to have at least 15 years because this age group is widely exposed to sports media and may be able to justify their choices and preferences.

INSTRUMENTATION

The main instrument used in this study is the questionnaire to collect data. Outside the interrogation method used in the use of questionnaires, other relevant documents and data will be acquired by abstraction (materials additional documents) observation (anecdotal sports journalists ace).

The interview schedule or questionnaire was divided into two sections, the use of media for sport, and demographics. A total of 15 questions were written, including closed ended questions to reduce unnecessary and answers open questions to allow multiple viewpoints. Double barrel and contingent questions were largely avoided. The questions revolved around three the four scales as the nominal, ordinal and interval, which are relevant to the study.

Pre-test

The pre-test had a size of the pilot sample of 10 respondents was conducted on May 16, 2010 in Buea. The purpose of pre-test the questionnaire is to maximize the validity and reliability of the data collection instrument:

Correcting errors in the questionnaire, for example coaching bad questions.

The preliminary test also determines if the method of the study is correct.

In During the year, areas of misunderstanding or confusion have been easily corrected. Nebulous questions were clear and the views of Respondents were considered by some questions deleted and added.

Data Collection

I started doing my observation study on Tuesday, April 14, 2010 interview some pioneering sports journalists in the country as Njomo K. Kevin and Zachary know.

Meanwhile, I began the process of administering questionnaires on May 28, 2010, which was to last two weeks. The 100 questionnaires were administered accordingly: Buea (67), Blade (17), and Mutengene (16).

The response rate was to 98%. This high response rate is the result of the fact that the time to administer 100 opinionnaires was wide and long. In addition, the topic under study sports and sports reports involve people of many men and women, young and old.

Data entry was done with the help of software, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS.

Concept Explanation

The agenda Setting: The power and audacity of the media to influence what people think and talk. The media do what is called as a matter of crystallization and greatly influence and raises issues that are priorities in public discussions. This theory was suggested in 1972 by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw.

Escape: The tendency by the public to avoid and reject the content of local media content for foreign media.

Home Abroad News: News on local personalities and abroad also involves tit-bit about football and local athletes in Europe and elsewhere outside the country.

FIFA: The International Association of Football Federations

NFL: National Football League in America, the most popular sports league in the United States.

UEFA Union of European Football Leagues

Interview Schedule: questionnaires containing questions that are administered by the Communication Research Respondents who answered on a one to one basis.

Media imperialism: the domination of a country's media by the media of another country.

Use the media to sports: The level of media exposure related to sports Upgrade of sport.

Sports Reporting: The same cast as sports, sports reporting, sports journalism and serve simply the process of collecting, classifying and making public news on sporting events that are of interest.

Unit Sampling: The sampling unit consists of the people to be interviewed and their place of origin.

Sampling Size: The sample size for the number of persons to be interviewed.

Sampling Procedure: This answers the question of how are they selected and how the investigation will be done.

All sports media: It is either a newspaper, magazine, radio or television who specializes in sports coverage.

Football hooliganism: According to Ingham, R. et al. (1978), hooliganism in football terms was created by the media, the tabloid press, particularly in the mid-1960s and since then they have been extremely flexible and indeterminate attribute the "hooligan" label to different incidents. Football hooliganism is regarded by most synonymous with violence and / or disorders involving football fans.

Study Limitations

• Ø There are barriers and gaps almost everywhere in life. This study has its own limitations:
• Ø It is difficult to generalize the findings the study to the whole of Cameroon because of the smallness of the sample report. Financial constraints could allow greater study to be conducted in all regions of the country.
• Ø Having in mind that the sample size and the unit are not important to reflect Cameroon, the results are there not very reliable.
• Ø Communication research is still new in our country and there is very little documentation on the evolution of sports journalism in Cameroon. In addition, very few people have written about the situation in the activity of sports journalism in Cameroon. This makes it extremely difficult to gather documentation on the sports reports.
• Ø It was also impossible to evaluate the most peripheral regions of Buea and Limbe mainly because of transportation problems, the illiteracy rate high in most of these villages and the absence of cable allowing access to a long list of foreign sports channels linked.
• Ø Some respondents were hostile and made things very difficult for me. Some respondents are afraid to disclose vital information in particular Demography. They even ask for references in case something happens to them.

Chapter Four

Discussion and inferences

In this descriptive study, we use both univariate and bivariate methods of data analysis. Respondents were asked to be sports fans have so they can make valid judgments of media coverage Sport in Cameroon.

As our empirical results, the majority of Cameroonians rely on television for sports (57.1%), the radio comes in second with 21.4%, new media, which is the Internet is gradually making its mark among sports fans Cameroon provision of new sports to about 14.3% of Cameroonians and newspapers are the last that only 7.1% depend on it for sport. There are very few newspapers all sports in Cameroon and most of the information on the sports page of newspapers is almost always copied directly from the Internet. For example, some sports on The Post, Monday, July 27, 2009 were from the BBC Sport website for example Nigeria in the league, third best in Africa, FIFA. Sometimes, these newspapers ignore sports such as editing Post Friday, October 23, 2009, which was empty of sports.

Only 3.1% of respondents said they knew at least one of all existing sports in newspapers, while 96.9% have never read or seen a newspaper exclusive sports in Cameroon. There is a problem of readers Cameroon. Very few people buy newspapers and very few people can read, especially in the suburbs. To complicate matters, most of the existing sports All documents are in French as Ndamba, published by Emmanuel Gustave Samnick

TV tells the history of sports most of the time, but as can be seen, Cameroonians prefer foreign TV much more than local television for the sport. While 13.3% go to local television, the majority, 86.7 preferred foreign television at any time.

Some of the reasons Cameroonians prefer foreign television includes over local TV, foreign TV `s images of God, live matches of the Champions League and major European leagues, sports analyst and also qualified for the new home abroad. (News Cameroonian players in European leagues).

The king of sports, football occupies an important place in media production. Events like the World Cup, Europe Nations Cup, African Cup of Nations, Confederations Cup and UEFA Champions League receive widespread media attention. Some 74.5% of Cameroonians to see, read or hear most often football in the media. lawn tennis, wrestling and athletics were 8.2%, 7.2 and 7.1 respectively coverage.

In this study, we found that the foreign media does not give a wide coverage of sports activities in Cameroon, they ignore practically the same league Elite and the popular Mount Cameroon Race of Hope to talk about corruption in the government of Cameroon, President Biya `s luxury travel abroad as Nicholls and K. Boas (2003) opines, the West will never say anything good about Africa, Cameroon included. They will always say something aberrant and highlight the conflicts, etc. dictatorship even though Africa has some good news

A mass of Cameroonians still prefer the local radio abroad for sports radio. They get most of the new host on local radio stations and also to listen the radio for the latest gossip, transfers and game reviews and previews of both local and international leagues.

While foreign media ignores sports done in our country, coverage of foreign athletes in the local media is very high. Local stations devote much time to talk about the Premier League, Spanish La Liga, Italian Serie A, Bundesliga, French League Orange I and other sports-related stories from from abroad. The reason for this conundrum is the lack of adequate sporting events in our country. Apart from football, d'autres disciplines sports in the country are yet to prove their value and do things, while providing information to local media that he will scale its full potential.

In our country, the media gives pride of place to men's sports and very little is said about the national women's championship, same news on the Indomitable Lions in the local media are rare. This is a way or in line with government policy that facilitates not the development of women's sports.

Boys prefer more foreign television, 54.9% while 31.1% of the flock of women for foreign television. Regarding local television, 8% of women rely on it as 4% men.

For the program type in the illustration above, most men prefer sports, news and politics, while a high number of women like music and others that includes movies, soap operas, talk shows, etc.

A large majority of Youth between the ages of 15 and 25 (63%) get their sport on foreign television, some 12% of those aged between 37 and 47 are based on foreign television as well for the sport, 8% of those aged 26 and 36 get sports tours abroad while among those 48, only 3% prefer foreign media for sports.

For local television, 3% of those between 37 and 47 years based on media local sport, 30% of those 48 years above and also prefer to use local media for the sport.

Those between 15 and 25 form the largest Most sports fans and they are heavily exposed to the media to get a bonus as they not only sports but also music, news, movies, serials, politics etc.

Chapter Five

Conclusion and generalizations

In this section we interpret the data collected in the field and seeking a broader sense of our findings.

Of our results, we observe that most sports fans, 57.1% rely heavily on television against the 21, 4%, and 14.3% and 7.1% for radio, Internet and newspapers. From this finding, we can deduce that television tells the biggest story of sports in Cameroon because of its attractions visual. And just as George Gerbner (1956) says, television has become part of the family, he is the one that says more about the history of most of the time.

The study confirms the findings of a series of communication scholars as Juliana Koranteng (1998) that all sports disciplines like football, tennis, athletics, boxing, basketball, handball, volleyball, cricket etc. wrestling, rugby is football is seen, read or heard most often at most media, while coverage of other sports are neglected. But since the head of state, President Paul Biya has reiterated repeatedly that there is no major or minor sports, state media has improved its coverage of the annual race of Mount Cameroon hope and the Tour Cycliste International Cameroon.

This pilot study on sports reports also found that there afghanistanism (Tanjong 2006) in the practice of sports journalism. Local reporters sometimes deliberately or unconsciously ignore the realities of local sports and shows on sports remote areas. While 25.5% of respondents think that local media coverage of foreign athletes is very high, 37.8% of respondents to the question Thésame think it is still very high.

There is a dilemma when we discover that the reverse is true. Foreign media such as Supersport, Eurosport, BBC and even Infosport practically ignore Sport of Cameroon. For the BBC and other media new compounds which are sports, somewhere in their lineup, they have much focus on the negativity of Cameroon. They like to talk of corruption, violence, as strike action in February 2008. Foreign channels like 43.9% of sports irreducible think is very limited and superficial coverage of sport in Cameroon.

In addition, most Cameroonians escape practice and go on foreign television rather than local. For them, television is still foreign to the heart of great events, the production of live footage of matches, a better analysis and get news on Cameroonian players chip in the European leagues.

While local television seems to be disadvantaged by the experts of the sport in Cameroon, local radio is still held in high esteem that 59.2% of Cameroonians prefer, while 40.2 prefer get sports radio foreigners as RFI, Africa No. 1, BBC World and Africa etc.

The strong presence of foreign television in our media landscape has led to a kind of domination. As Tanjong (citate opera) and others have assumed, the media imperialism, is the domination of the media company in the media of another country. This is the truth when it comes to sports journalism television. CRTV may not be able to compete with sports specialty chains such as Supersport, Eurosport etc. Cameroonians need a All Sports-channel TV to balance the pendulum.

A very important revelation of this study is that women are athletes and sports under cover in relation to men's sports. In the local media in Cameroon, there is much talk of human MTN Elite One Championship, while the National Women's League is always treated as complementary information. Sports fans (92.9%) think the media is biased in reporting women's sport while 7.1% said that the media give fair coverage to both sexes. Researchers such as Lou Schwartz, Pirkko MARKULA studies professor socio-cultural sport and recreation at the University of Alberta Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, Margaret Carlisle Duncan and Michael Alan Messner has done research on the coverage of women in sports do not receive media coverage. Others expressed the view that very few women journalists with the opportunities to give the sports report.

Sports is used by most media today to draw attention listeners. By comparing it with politics, news, movies, music, other, is the kind of sport that is loved the most (31.6%). 21.4% prefer new, 16.3 GB For Music, 11.2% and love politics are 19.4% for others.

Overall, those who go to the press hoping to get satisfaction Jay Blumler and Elihu Katz (1974) explained. The public is actively seeking the media in Cameroon for sports, news, music, politics, films for their uses and gratification.

CONCLUSION:

Coverage of major sports has been improved by advances in communications technology. It is now very easy to broadcast the games live and the quality of sports reporting has improved as a that journalists are not only expected to be born sports journalists, but also to go to school to acquire skills for reporting sports.

Cameroon has a long way to go especially with the absence of a sporting competition All Media and women journalists are fighting for their rights to be involved in sports reporting.

Ultimately, what appears to be true is the fact that women's sport is still being covered by local media, pending other sports have a surface coverage in local media and most Cameroonians seem to prefer foreign television channels to the sport because of the satisfaction they get to watch commentators of inspiration and most importantly, sports fans admire the loyalty of these foreign sports channels by providing all new sporting development.

Especially this study suggests that it is the foreign television channels that sets the agenda in our country. Sports fans in this country rely on foreign TV channels (most fans prefer the sports TV for highly sport). The agenda set by the foreign media is not present in the MTN Elite I championship, it is rather different major European leagues like the Spanish league, English, French etc.

Challenges of sports journalism

In Cameroon, sports journalism and writing is now considered a key element of the whole image brand of most newspapers as they reposition their appeal in an effort to attract new readers. But there are still many challenges well known by sports journalists themselves.

According to CRTV Buea sports journalist, Samuel Moto Bokuba, there is only one newspaper regularly and exclusively for sport in Cameroon Currently Ndamba, a weekly published in French by Emmanuel Gustave Samnick. Another newspaper is all sports, the sport is what football is, not very regular, and is edited by Franklin Sone Mbayen.

Mr. Bokuba, who is also deputy director of the station, CRTV Buea notes that other as Global Foot Emile Ndonkeng, Stages was a break from Global Soccer, Sports Post in Yaounde published by Julius Wame George Fontamo of the Association of Sports Magazine, which saw the release of two issues only and the Cameroon football elite (published in the 80 `s by Jean Pierre Betfiang) appeared and after some publications disappeared.

Local sports journalist Mbunwe Innocent of The Post said that the lack of financial resources was the biggest problem Cameroonian sports journalist. For him, the lack of money prevents the reporters even gave sufficient coverage of championship soccer regional it seems increasingly difficult to send reporters to further areas such as Ekondo Titi Mundemba, Mamfe, etc.

CRTV `s Matute Menyoli noted that the greatest threat to sports reporting is the collection of brown envelopes scandalous by some sportswriters who proceed to sing the song Presidents of the team and sometimes the football administrators. Many, according to the practice of journalism Matute Menyoli hilton `` `` will fill the stomach, on behalf of the coverage of events.

Veteran journalist Kevin Njomo a time sportscaster on TV and Radio Cameroon Calabar also firmly believes that sports coverage in Cameroon has been declining standard. For Mr. Njomo, the present-day Cameroon sports reporters are different from those in the past because they are so interested in money, they collect `` `` okra and ignore the fact that they can really do that if we puts the love of their profession, before money.

Kevin Njomo note that sports journalists in the past in this country had a responsibility to bring spectators to the playground and he pontificated that it was because of intimate information that the "excellent sports journalists" in the awarded provided that matches between Canon and Tonnerre Yaounde derby between prisons cons of Buea and Kumba PWD in the 1960 and 1970 produced fireworks.

Despite the problems, Njomo estimated that Cameroon has experienced strong points in sports journalism and to him, Zachary Know and Peter are Essoka two mentors who have left an indelible mark in the discipline.

sports writer, Simon believes that journalism Lyonga sports knows the decrease fortunes, as it is not considered a course on his own in most institutions of journalism in Cameroon, for example, Department of Journalism and Communication at the University of Buea.

In addition, Simon Lyonga national radio pamphlets to some sportswriters who drink heavily. He believes beer tasting is that irresponsible reporters as they appear negatively in the public eye.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

With the main conclusions of this study as a back up and point of reference, the following recommendations should be applied to obtain sports reporting on track.

The government leads the national radio and television stations and other regional authorities should easily secure funding for the purchase of broadcast equipment and portable thin on the outside which will give CRTV coverage of developing events. CRTV has a lot of money (receiving government aid, fees, advertising), and they must invest heavily in machinery and manpower which will facilitate its sports coverage.

Individuals and companies or the government should consider creating specialized media sports outlets. Samuel Bokuba, This will greatly be useful if attempts to create a specialty radio, television or journal are mostly stifled by a lack of resources, lack of advertisers, readers low and limited competition in sports the country.

Sports reporting to prosper Njomo Kevin strongly believes that sport must be journalists cub passionate sports reporting itself. He believes that the love of the profession can be very effective. To him, most of those who have sports coverage today, because they are want money for club presidents and this destroys the fine corners of the discipline.

For sports coverage to flourish, those who practice in our country should strive to avoid doing bad things like drinking excessively. They should rather spend time in the paid research on teams and players because they can not afford to have limited knowledge.

In an attempt to limit inadequate professional journalists who want to report sport must go to school. professional courses in sports journalism began at into the curriculum of some schools of journalism, as Esstic. The training should extend even after school with the participation constant in workshops for sports journalists etc. If possible, sports reporters must identify in specific disciplines to have control so their style and skills of information will be greatly appreciated.

It is not enough for women journalists to sit and complain they have little or no place in sports reporting. What they need to do above all is to prove their worth. Madeleine is Soppi Kotto doing well at CRTV and other media houses should involve the role of women journalists on their payrolls.

In addition, if football is the sport King, other sports should be covered. Media coverage of boxing, handball matches, athletics, etc can help popularize these hitherto relegated sports.

In addition, media companies should avoid sexist presentation of athletes. Athletes Women who excel should be treated as conquerors. The media for example has the Indomitable Lions as superior beings and Lioness are not the same treatment and attention.

Most advertisers know that during major sporting competitions like the World Cup and Cup African Nations, they can attend and sponsor sports programs because most of them have higher listening and hearing during these periods.

Like Kevin said Njomo, sports journalists have a major role, to grow our sport and they have the propensity to supporters of sports venues.

References

BOOKS:

Acharya (1998), the sports press in Nepal: A Survey of the sports pages of daily newspapers, graduation thesis post

Ingham, R. et al. (1978) Football hooliganism: The broader context, London: Inter-Action Inprint

Stott, C and Pearson, G. (2007) "Hooliganism in football: the police and the war on the English against the disease, 'London: Pennant Books

Andrew Baker (2004), Where Am I and Who's Winning, Yellow Jersey Press, ISBN-13: 978-0224072731, 256 pages

Boyle, Raymond and Haynes, Richard (2004) of football at the age of new media, Routledge, first edition, ISBN-10: 0415317908

Inabinett Mark: Grantland Rice and his Heroes: The Sportswriter as Mythmaker in the 1920s. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994

MARKULA Pirkko (July 2009), Women and the Olympic media, international perspectives, Palgrave, Macmillan, ISBN10: 0-230-22284-6, 272 pages

Tanjong, E. (2006), Africa in international communication, Limbe, Design House

Andrew Boyd (2001, 25), Broadcast Journalism, the techniques of radio and television news, 5th Edition

Articles

David Gallagher (Spring 1991), public and private press in Cameroon, the changing roles in the New Pluralism

Assala, Boyomo, (1998), sports journalism, specializing Journalism (translated from French) paper presented at a seminar with journalists Sport in Yaounde, unpublished

Jerry Azar, 1999, The Business of Sports Reporting

Beverley Sinclair, 2010, An open letter to Michael Bascombe, poor condition of sports reporting in Grenada

Juliana Koranteng 1998 European sports channels TV: Opportunities in the Age digital

George Gerbner (1956) Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication

About the Author

Solomon Lyonga Ikundi is a sports reporter currently with CBS Radio, Buea, Cameroon. He is a graduate from the Department of Journalismand Mass Communication, University of Buea

The dimensions of a cylinder change, but the height is always equal to the diameter of the base of the eye

cylinder. If the height increases at a speed of 4 inches per second, to determine the speed at which the volume, V, is increasing (cubed per second) when the height is 2 inches. A) dV / dt = cub 10PI / ins / sec B) dV / dt = 11ft cub / ins / sec C) dV / dt = 9ft cub / ins / sec D) dV / dt = 13pi cub / ins / sec dV E ) / dt = 12ft cub / Ins / sec

(E) 12ft (cubic inches / second) 12ft was the answer found using the solution strategy>> ** Note the following: The format can be messed up, I apologize if this make ugly or hard to read ** There are a lot of good to this problem. Here is a statement solutions: First step, define the goal: the rate of increase in volume of a cylinder when t = H = 2. Find (height = H) Second stage, set up the equations and to help prepare a solution: = Measurement of an object, usually in 3 dimensions, in space bounded by its surface (s). Volume Volume of a cylinder = height times the area of its circular base, or V (C) = H (C) * A (base of C). Field of A circular base = (base C) = Pi * R * R or approximately 3.1415 (R ^ 2) . The problem statement that the height is always proportional to the diameter by a factor of one. Or D = Diamter, and D (base C) = 2 *, R and D (base C) at time t = always H (C) . It also indicates that for every final seconds, the height increases by a measure of 4 (in this case 4 inches)). Thus dH / dt =: 4inches/second. Third and fourth stages of derivation and solution final solution (this section is very lengthy discussion Solution time! We will also add a few basic concepts, formulas as the solution to work it self. Remember that the surface of a volume on (limiting) volume growth of (if more). Often we can descibe the growth of a solid dS, dV in this case, which is H = H (C), V (C) = V = A (base C) = P * H * * R * H * R Pi = (D / 2) * (D / 2) * Pi * H = (H / 2) * (H / 2) * H = Pi * [(H ^ 3)] / 4 So H = zero, V = zero. At H = a, V = Pi / 4. At H = two, V = 8 '/ 4 = 2Pi. At H = three, V = 27ft / 4. And so on and so on ... From H = = zero to one, overall growth is 1/4th Pi, from H = to = one two, it is 7/4ths Pi, and from H = two = three, it is 19/4ths Pi This leads to a model, 1, 7, 19 ... then 37 and so on. . In general dV / dH = F = [((6 * (n (n +1)) / 2]) + 1 [) / 4] * Pi . Curiously, the derivative the volume formula, V = [* P (H ^ 3)] / 4 is dV = (04/03) * P (H ^ 2). This seems strange as the pattern formed by the growing volume and defines also the cylinder surface, in some respects. To convince us that the above is really the volume dV effective formula instantaneous change, we look growth rates close and if there is an acceleration. Given the actual volume changes memory, from zero to one, the growth was 1/4th Pi, one to two 7/4ths Pi acceleration (computed) d (dV) = (4.6) P * H, since speeding is> zero, we know that the slope of the growth function is higher than normal ... A good estimate, ignoring acceleration, is that the average growth or growth dV = of neighboring regions = [(4.1) + (4.7)] dV Pi/2...So mean = Pi We know that growth should be between 1/4th and 7/4th Pi, close Pi, and Pi due to speeding below. dV = (04/03) * P (H ^ 2) = (3pi (H ^ 2)) / 4 satisfies all these conditions, and all that does not prove that it is the solution we seek, it strongly suggests it is. And to end the verbose hikes After investigation, mathematics, or filling bottles with water that you actually made the following statement of the problem description ... dV / dH in fact = (3pi (H ^ 2)) / 4 Near Final Solution: Since we are looking for dV / dt, it is important to find terms in dt H. dH / dt = 4 inches / second So dt = (seconds * dH) / dH = inches (4 inches * dt) / second Since dV / dH = [(3pi (H ^ 2))] / 4

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